If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section or chapter number in the notes or, if possible, track down a different version with fixed page numbers.ġ Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment, trans.

For other types of ebooks (such as e-reader files), name the format at the end of the citation. Knopf, 2016), 146.įor online ebooks, include a URL or the name of the database. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 19–20.ġ Jhumpa Lahiri, In Other Words, trans. Korean Economy, 120.ġ John D’Agata, ed., The Making of the American Essay (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 19–20.ġ Mary Rowlandson, “The Narrative of My Captivity,” in The Making of the American Essay, ed. The Korean Economy: From a Miraculous Past to a Sustainable Future (Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2015), 94-96.Ģ Eichengreen et al. This is not fully indicated in the examples below but examples in context can be seen here.ġ Katie Kitamura, A Separation (New York: Riverhead Books, 2017), 25.ġ Sharon Sassler and Amanda Jayne Miller, Cohabitation Nation: Gender, Class, and the Remaking of Relationships (Oakland: University of California Press, 2017), 114.Ģ Sassler and Miller, Cohabitation Nation, 205.įor books with numerous authors, list only the first author followed by 'et al.'ġ Eichengreen et al. In the following examples, the first footnote shows the detailed version, while the second footnote shows the shortened version.įinally, footnotes should be indented.

Shortened footnotes, on the other hand, typically only contain the authors' last names, a shortened title, and the page numbers.

The initial detailed footnote contains full reference information and relevant page numbers. If you needed to cite the same source again, however, you would then use a shortened version for further footnotes. When you first employ a source in a paper, you will use a detailed footnote for the citation.

Turabian footnotes